Glossary
Every term from the four days, in one place. Biology marks are won and lost on precise words — this is the list worth owning.
中英术语对照表（打开「中文注释」可看中文名与中文释义）
Flashcards
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All terms
共 62 个术语。可以直接搜索英文、中文或释义里的任何一个词。
DNADNA（脱氧核糖核酸）Day 1
DNA is the molecule found inside the nucleus of a cell that stores the genetic instructions for building and running an organism.
DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）是存在于细胞核 (nucleus) 内的大分子，储存着构建和运行整个生物体所需的全部遗传指令，可以把它想成一本写在化学分子上的说明书。
deoxyribonucleic aciddee-OK-see-RYE-boh-new-KLAY-ik AS-id脱氧核糖核酸Day 1
Deoxyribonucleic acid is the full chemical name for DNA: a nucleic acid built from many repeating nucleotide units, each containing a deoxyribose sugar.
脱氧核糖核酸是 DNA 的全称，它属于核酸 (nucleic acid)，由许多含脱氧核糖 (deoxyribose) 的核苷酸 (nucleotide) 重复连接而成——名字本身就说明了它的两个化学特征。
nucleotideNEW-klee-oh-tide核苷酸Day 1
A nucleotide is the repeating building block (monomer) of DNA, made of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and one nitrogenous base.
核苷酸是构成 DNA 的基本单位（单体 monomer），每个核苷酸由一个磷酸基团 (phosphate group)、一个脱氧核糖 (deoxyribose) 和一个含氮碱基 (nitrogenous base) 三部分组成，就像一块乐高积木。
phosphate groupFOS-fate磷酸基团Day 1
A phosphate group is the phosphorus-containing part of a nucleotide, which links to the sugar of the next nucleotide to form the backbone of the strand.
磷酸基团是核苷酸中含磷的部分，它与下一个核苷酸的脱氧核糖相连，从而把核苷酸串成一条链，搭出 DNA 的骨架 (backbone)。
deoxyribose sugardee-OK-see-RYE-bose脱氧核糖Day 1
Deoxyribose is the five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide; it joins to a phosphate group on one side and to a nitrogenous base on the other.
脱氧核糖是 DNA 核苷酸中的五碳糖，一边连接磷酸基团 (phosphate group)，另一边连接含氮碱基 (nitrogenous base)，是核苷酸的中心部件。
nitrogenous basenye-TROJ-uh-nus base含氮碱基Day 1
A nitrogenous base is the nitrogen-containing part of a nucleotide — adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine — and the order of these bases carries the genetic information.
含氮碱基是核苷酸中含氮的那一部分，共有腺嘌呤 A、胸腺嘧啶 T、胞嘧啶 C、鸟嘌呤 G 四种；碱基的排列顺序就是遗传信息的载体。
adenineAD-uh-neen腺嘌呤Day 1
Adenine (A) is a purine base that always pairs with thymine on the opposite strand, held there by two hydrogen bonds.
腺嘌呤 (adenine, A) 是一种嘌呤 (purine) 碱基，在双链中总是与对面链上的胸腺嘧啶 (thymine, T) 配对，两者之间形成 2 个氢键 (hydrogen bond)。
thymineTHIGH-meen胸腺嘧啶Day 1
Thymine (T) is a pyrimidine base that always pairs with adenine, held there by two hydrogen bonds.
胸腺嘧啶 (thymine, T) 是一种嘧啶 (pyrimidine) 碱基，总是与腺嘌呤 (adenine, A) 配对，两者之间形成 2 个氢键 (hydrogen bond)。
cytosineSIGH-toh-seen胞嘧啶Day 1
Cytosine (C) is a pyrimidine base that always pairs with guanine, held there by three hydrogen bonds.
胞嘧啶 (cytosine, C) 是一种嘧啶 (pyrimidine) 碱基，总是与鸟嘌呤 (guanine, G) 配对，两者之间形成 3 个氢键 (hydrogen bond)，所以 C–G 配对比 A–T 更牢固。
guanineGWAH-neen鸟嘌呤Day 1
Guanine (G) is a purine base that always pairs with cytosine, held there by three hydrogen bonds.
鸟嘌呤 (guanine, G) 是一种嘌呤 (purine) 碱基，总是与胞嘧啶 (cytosine, C) 配对，两者之间形成 3 个氢键 (hydrogen bond)。
purinePURE-een嘌呤Day 1
A purine is a nitrogenous base with a double-ring structure; adenine and guanine are the two purines found in DNA.
嘌呤是具有双环结构的含氮碱基，DNA 中的嘌呤只有腺嘌呤 (adenine) 和鸟嘌呤 (guanine) 两种，记忆窍门：名字里带“嘌呤”的就是双环、个头大。
pyrimidinepie-RIM-uh-deen嘧啶Day 1
A pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base with a single-ring structure; thymine and cytosine are the two pyrimidines in DNA, and because a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine the helix stays a constant width.
嘧啶是具有单环结构的含氮碱基，DNA 中的嘧啶是胸腺嘧啶 (thymine) 和胞嘧啶 (cytosine)；由于总是“大配小”（嘌呤配嘧啶），双螺旋的宽度才处处相等。
complementary base pairingkom-pluh-MEN-tree碱基互补配对Day 1
Complementary base pairing is the rule that adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine, so the sequence of one strand determines the sequence of the other.
碱基互补配对是指 A 一定与 T 配对、C 一定与 G 配对；正因如此，只要知道一条链的碱基顺序，就能推出另一条链——这也是 DNA 能精确复制 (replication) 的基础。
hydrogen bond氢键Day 1
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction that holds a base pair together; each one is weak, but there are so many along a DNA molecule that together they hold the two strands stable.
氢键是碱基对之间的一种弱作用力：单个很弱（所以复制时容易被拆开），但整条 DNA 上数量极多，合起来足以让双链保持稳定。
phosphodiester bondFOS-foh-dye-ES-ter磷酸二酯键Day 1
A phosphodiester bond is the strong covalent bond joining the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next, forming the sugar-phosphate backbone.
磷酸二酯键是连接前一个核苷酸的磷酸与后一个核苷酸脱氧核糖的强共价键 (covalent bond)，它把核苷酸串成长链；请特别注意：它比碱基之间的氢键 (hydrogen bond) 强得多，DNA 解开时断的是氢键，不是它。
sugar-phosphate backboneFOS-fate磷酸—脱氧核糖骨架Day 1
The sugar-phosphate backbone is the alternating chain of deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups running along the outside of each DNA strand, holding the bases in order.
磷酸—脱氧核糖骨架是由脱氧核糖和磷酸交替连接形成的长链，位于双螺旋的外侧，像梯子的两根扶手，把碱基按顺序固定住；碱基对则像梯子的横档。
double helixDUB-ul HEE-liks双螺旋Day 1
The double helix is the twisted-ladder shape of DNA, formed by two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis with the base pairs on the inside.
双螺旋是 DNA 的整体形状：两条反向平行 (antiparallel) 的链围绕同一中轴盘旋，像一架拧过的梯子——骨架在外、碱基对在内。
antiparallelAN-tee-PA-ruh-lel反向平行Day 1
Antiparallel means the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, one from 5' to 3' and the other from 3' to 5'.
反向平行指 DNA 两条链的方向相反，一条是 5'→3'，另一条是 3'→5'，就像两条并排但头尾颠倒的链；这一特点决定了复制时酶只能沿一个方向合成。
gene基因Day 1
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein and therefore for a particular characteristic.
基因是 DNA 分子上的一个片段，携带合成某种蛋白质 (protein) 的信息，从而决定某个性状。
genomeJEE-nohm基因组Day 1
The genome is the complete set of DNA, and therefore all the genes, contained in one cell of an organism.
基因组是一个生物体（一个细胞中）全部 DNA、也就是全部基因的总和，相当于整套说明书而不是其中一页。
chromosomeKROH-muh-sohm染色体Day 1
A chromosome is one long DNA molecule wound around histone proteins; it only becomes short and thick enough to see under a light microscope when the cell is dividing.
染色体是一条长长的 DNA 分子缠绕在组蛋白 (histone) 上形成的结构；只有在细胞分裂时它高度螺旋、变粗变短，才能在光学显微镜下看到，平时是细丝状的染色质 (chromatin)。
chromatinKROH-muh-tin染色质Day 1
Chromatin is the loose, thread-like form of DNA and its associated proteins during interphase, when the DNA must be accessible for copying and for making proteins.
染色质是间期 (interphase) 中 DNA 与蛋白质呈松散细丝状的形态；此时 DNA 必须松散，才能被复制和用于合成蛋白质。染色质与染色体 (chromosome) 是同一种物质在不同时期的两种形态。
histoneHIS-tohn组蛋白Day 1
Histones are the proteins that DNA coils around, allowing a very long DNA molecule to be packaged neatly inside the nucleus.
组蛋白是 DNA 缠绕其上的一类蛋白质，作用像绕线轴，使很长的 DNA 能整齐地包装进小小的细胞核 (nucleus) 里。
nucleusNEW-klee-us细胞核Day 1
The nucleus is the membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes and controls the cell's activities.
细胞核是有膜包被的细胞器 (organelle)，内含细胞的全部染色体 (chromosome)，是细胞代谢和遗传的控制中心。
cell cycle细胞周期Day 2
The cell cycle is the ordered sequence of events in which a cell grows, copies its DNA and then divides to produce two new cells.
细胞周期是细胞生长、复制 DNA、再分裂成两个新细胞的一整套有序过程，主要分为分裂间期 (interphase) 和分裂期 (M phase) 两大阶段。
interphaseIN-ter-fayz（分裂）间期Day 2
Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle, made up of G1, S and G2, during which the cell grows, carries out its normal functions and replicates its DNA — it is not a resting phase.
分裂间期（简称间期）是细胞周期中最长的阶段，包括 G1 期、S 期和 G2 期；细胞在此期间生长、正常工作并完成 DNA 复制。特别注意：间期绝不是“休息期”，代谢反而非常活跃。
G1 phaseG1 期（第一间隙期）Day 2
G1, the first gap phase, is the part of interphase after division in which the cell grows, makes proteins and new organelles, and prepares for DNA replication.
G1 期（第一间隙期）是分裂之后的生长阶段：细胞长大、合成蛋白质和新的细胞器 (organelle)，为随后的 DNA 复制做准备。
S phaseS 期（合成期）Day 2
S phase (synthesis) is the part of interphase in which DNA replication occurs, so that afterwards every chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids.
S 期（合成期）是间期中进行 DNA 复制 (DNA replication) 的阶段；复制完成后，每条染色体都由两条完全相同的姐妹染色单体 (sister chromatid) 组成。
G2 phaseG2 期（第二间隙期）Day 2
G2, the second gap phase, follows DNA replication: the cell continues to grow, makes the proteins needed for division, and checks the copied DNA for errors.
G2 期（第二间隙期）在 DNA 复制之后：细胞继续生长，合成分裂所需的蛋白质（如构成纺锤体的微管蛋白），并检查复制好的 DNA 有无错误。
M phaseM 期（分裂期）Day 2
M phase is the dividing part of the cell cycle, consisting of mitosis (division of the nucleus) followed by cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).
M 期（分裂期）是细胞真正分裂的阶段，包括有丝分裂 (mitosis，细胞核分裂) 和紧随其后的胞质分裂 (cytokinesis，细胞质分裂)。
mitosismy-TOH-sis有丝分裂Day 2
Mitosis is the division of one nucleus into two nuclei with identical sets of chromosomes, occurring in four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
有丝分裂是细胞核分裂成两个染色体组成完全相同的核的过程，依次经过前期 (prophase)、中期 (metaphase)、后期 (anaphase)、末期 (telophase)。注意：有丝分裂产生的是体细胞，不产生配子。
cytokinesisSY-toh-kih-NEE-sis胞质分裂Day 2
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis, physically separating the cell into two daughter cells.
胞质分裂是有丝分裂之后细胞质一分为二的过程，最终形成两个子细胞 (daughter cell)；动物细胞靠细胞膜从中部向内凹陷，植物细胞则在中央形成细胞板。
checkpoint检查点Day 2
A checkpoint is a control point in the cell cycle where the cell checks that conditions are suitable and the DNA is correct before it is allowed to move on to the next stage.
检查点是细胞周期中的调控关卡：只有当细胞大小、DNA 是否复制完整、有无损伤等条件都合格时，细胞才被允许进入下一阶段；检查点失灵可能导致细胞失控分裂（与癌症 cancer 有关）。
growth生长Day 2
Growth is the increase in cell number, and therefore in body size, of a multicellular organism, achieved by repeated cell cycles ending in mitosis.
生长是多细胞生物细胞数目增多、个体变大的过程，靠一轮又一轮以有丝分裂 (mitosis) 结束的细胞周期来实现。
differentiationDIF-uh-ren-shee-AY-shun（细胞）分化Day 2
Differentiation is the process in which an unspecialised cell develops the particular structure and function of one cell type, such as a nerve cell or a muscle cell.
细胞分化是未特化的细胞发育成具有特定结构和功能的细胞（如神经细胞、肌肉细胞）的过程；分化改变的是基因的表达情况，而不是细胞里的 DNA 序列。
organelleor-guh-NEL细胞器Day 2
An organelle is a specialised structure inside a cell that carries out a particular job, such as the nucleus or a mitochondrion.
细胞器是细胞内承担特定功能的结构，如细胞核 (nucleus)、线粒体 (mitochondrion)；细胞在 G1、G2 期会合成新的细胞器，保证分裂后两个子细胞都够用。
DNA replicationrep-lih-KAY-shunDNA 复制Day 3
DNA replication is the process in which a DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical molecules; it happens during S phase of interphase, before mitosis begins.
DNA 复制是把一个 DNA 分子复制成两个完全相同分子的过程，发生在间期的 S 期，也就是有丝分裂 (mitosis) 开始之前——不是在分裂过程中进行的，这是常见易错点。
semi-conservative replicationSEM-ee kun-SER-vuh-tiv半保留复制Day 3
Semi-conservative replication means each new DNA molecule keeps one original (parent) strand and one newly built strand.
半保留复制指每个新形成的 DNA 分子中，一条链来自原来的母链（模板链 template strand），另一条是新合成的子链 (daughter strand)；保留一半旧链能最大限度保证遗传信息准确。
template strandTEM-playt模板链Day 3
A template strand is an original strand of DNA whose base sequence is read to determine the sequence of the new complementary strand.
模板链是被当作蓝图使用的那条原有 DNA 链，新链严格按照碱基互补配对 (complementary base pairing) 的规则依着它合成。
helicaseHEE-lih-kayz解旋酶Day 3
Helicase is the enzyme that unwinds the double helix and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs, separating the two strands.
解旋酶是使双螺旋解开的酶：它打断碱基对之间的氢键 (hydrogen bond)，把两条链分开——被打断的只是氢键，磷酸—脱氧核糖骨架并没有断裂。
DNA polymerasepuh-LIM-uh-rayzDNA 聚合酶Day 3
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that adds free nucleotides to the template strand according to the base-pairing rules and joins them together into a new strand.
DNA 聚合酶是按照碱基互补配对规则把游离的核苷酸 (nucleotide) 加到模板链上、并用磷酸二酯键 (phosphodiester bond) 把它们连成新链的酶。
replication fork复制叉Day 3
The replication fork is the Y-shaped region where the double helix has been separated and the new strands are being built.
复制叉是 DNA 双链被解开处形成的 Y 形结构，新链正是在这里边解旋、边合成的。
daughter strand子链Day 3
A daughter strand is the newly made DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand it was built on.
子链是新合成的那条 DNA 链，它与自己所依据的模板链 (template strand) 互补配对。
sister chromatidKROH-muh-tid姐妹染色单体Day 3
Sister chromatids are the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere; they are not counted as separate chromosomes until they separate in anaphase.
姐妹染色单体是一条染色体复制后形成的两条完全相同的拷贝，在着丝粒 (centromere) 处相连；只要还连在一起，它们仍算作 1 条染色体，直到后期 (anaphase) 分开后才各自成为独立的染色体。
centromereSEN-troh-meer着丝粒Day 3
The centromere is the region that holds sister chromatids together and to which the spindle fibres attach during mitosis.
着丝粒是把两条姐妹染色单体 (sister chromatid) 连在一起的区域，有丝分裂时纺锤丝 (spindle fibre) 就附着在这里牵引染色体。
prophasePROH-fayz前期Day 4
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, in which chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes (each already made of two sister chromatids), the spindle begins to form and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
前期是有丝分裂的第一个时期：染色质 (chromatin) 高度螺旋化成为可见的染色体（每条已含两条姐妹染色单体），纺锤体 (spindle) 开始形成，核膜 (nuclear envelope) 和核仁逐渐解体消失。
metaphaseMET-uh-fayz中期Day 4
Metaphase is the stage in which the chromosomes are lined up along the equator of the cell, attached to spindle fibres at their centromeres.
中期是所有染色体的着丝粒 (centromere) 整齐排列在细胞赤道板 (equator) 上、并被纺锤丝牵住的时期；这是观察染色体形态和数目的最佳时期。
anaphaseAN-uh-fayz后期Day 4
Anaphase is the stage in which the centromeres split and the spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles, so each pole receives an identical set.
后期是着丝粒分裂、纺锤丝把姐妹染色单体拉向细胞两极的时期；一旦分开，每条染色单体就成为一条独立的染色体，两极各得到完全相同的一套。
telophaseTEL-oh-fayz末期Day 4
Telophase is the final stage of mitosis, in which the chromosomes reach the poles and uncoil, and a new nuclear envelope forms around each set.
末期是有丝分裂的最后一个时期：染色体到达两极后解螺旋、重新变回染色质 (chromatin)，两套染色体外面各自形成新的核膜 (nuclear envelope)，纺锤体消失。
spindle fibreSPIN-dul FY-ber纺锤丝（纺锤体）Day 4
Spindle fibres are protein microtubules that attach to the centromeres and move the chromosomes during mitosis.
纺锤丝是由微管蛋白构成的纤维，整体合称纺锤体 (spindle)；它附着在着丝粒上，在有丝分裂中牵引染色体移动。注意澳洲考试用英式拼写 fibre，不是 fiber。
centrioleSEN-tree-ohl中心粒Day 4
Centrioles are small cylindrical structures in animal cells that move to opposite poles and help organise the spindle; plant cells form a spindle without them.
中心粒是动物细胞中的一对小圆柱结构，分裂时移向细胞两极，参与组织纺锤体 (spindle) 的形成；高等植物细胞没有中心粒，同样能形成纺锤体。
equator (metaphase plate)ih-KWAY-ter赤道板Day 4
The equator, or metaphase plate, is the imaginary plane midway between the two poles of the cell where the chromosomes line up during metaphase.
赤道板是位于细胞两极正中间的一个假想平面，中期 (metaphase) 时染色体就排列在这里；它不是真实存在的结构，只是一个位置概念，答题时别说它是一层膜。
nuclear envelopeNEW-klee-uh EN-vuh-lohp核膜Day 4
The nuclear envelope is the double membrane surrounding the nucleus; it breaks down during prophase and re-forms around each new set of chromosomes during telophase.
核膜是包被细胞核的双层膜，在前期 (prophase) 解体消失，在末期 (telophase) 于两套染色体外重新形成，这样才有两个新的细胞核。
daughter cell子细胞Day 4
Daughter cells are the two new cells produced at the end of the cell cycle; after mitosis and cytokinesis they are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
子细胞是一个细胞周期结束时产生的两个新细胞；经过有丝分裂和胞质分裂后，它们彼此之间以及与母细胞 (parent cell) 的遗传物质完全相同。
genetically identicaljuh-NET-ik-lee eye-DEN-tik-ul遗传物质完全相同Day 4
Genetically identical means having exactly the same DNA base sequence and the same number of chromosomes, which results from semi-conservative replication in S phase followed by the precise separation of sister chromatids in mitosis.
遗传物质完全相同指 DNA 碱基序列和染色体数目都一模一样；这是先在 S 期进行半保留复制 (semi-conservative replication)、再由有丝分裂把姐妹染色单体精确均分到两极的结果——这两步是答“为什么子细胞相同”的标准得分点。
diploidDIP-loyd二倍体Day 4
Diploid (2n) describes a cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent; human body cells are diploid with 46 chromosomes.
二倍体 (2n) 指细胞中含有两套完整的染色体，分别来自父母双方；人的体细胞是二倍体，共 46 条（23 对）。有丝分裂产生的子细胞仍然是二倍体。
haploidHAP-loyd单倍体Day 4
Haploid (n) describes a cell with only one set of chromosomes, such as a gamete; haploid cells are produced by meiosis, not by mitosis.
单倍体 (n) 指只含一套染色体的细胞，例如配子（精子、卵细胞）；单倍体细胞由减数分裂 (meiosis) 产生，有丝分裂 (mitosis) 不会产生单倍体细胞。
asexual reproductionay-SEK-shoo-al无性生殖Day 4
Asexual reproduction is reproduction involving only one parent, using mitosis, so the offspring are genetically identical to that parent.
无性生殖是只由一个亲本、通过有丝分裂 (mitosis) 产生后代的方式，后代与亲本遗传物质完全相同，例如水螅出芽、草莓匍匐茎、植物扦插。
tissue repairTISH-oo组织修复Day 4
Tissue repair is the replacement of damaged or worn-out cells by new, genetically identical cells produced by mitosis, for example when a cut in the skin heals.
组织修复是通过有丝分裂产生新的、遗传物质完全相同的细胞来替换受损或衰老的细胞，例如皮肤伤口愈合；正因为新细胞与原细胞相同，修复后的组织功能才一样。
stem cell干细胞Day 4
A stem cell is an unspecialised cell that can keep dividing by mitosis and can differentiate into one or more specialised cell types.
干细胞是一类未特化的细胞，既能通过有丝分裂 (mitosis) 不断自我增殖，又能分化 (differentiation) 成一种或多种特化细胞，是生长和组织修复的细胞来源。
cancer (tumour)TYOO-mer癌症（肿瘤）Day 4
Cancer is a disease in which checkpoint control of the cell cycle fails and cells divide in an uncontrolled way; the mass of cells that builds up is called a tumour.
癌症是细胞周期的检查点 (checkpoint) 调控失灵、细胞不受控制地持续分裂而引起的疾病；这些细胞堆积形成的团块叫肿瘤（英式拼写 tumour，带 u）。
meiosismy-OH-sis减数分裂Day 4
Meiosis is a different type of nuclear division that produces four genetically varied haploid gametes from one diploid cell, in contrast to mitosis, which produces two genetically identical diploid cells.
减数分裂是另一种核分裂方式：一个二倍体 (diploid) 细胞产生 4 个遗传上有差异的单倍体 (haploid) 配子；而有丝分裂 (mitosis) 产生 2 个与母细胞完全相同的二倍体细胞。本单元只需能把两者区分开。